08/07/2005: Kατά την Ολομέλεια του Ευρωπαϊκού Κοινοβουλίου στο Στρασβούργο πραγματοποιήθηκε η τέταρτη συνεδρίαση της Διακομματικής Ομάδας για την "οικογένεια και την προστασία του παιδιού", παρουσία του Επιτρόπου Εκπαίδευσης, Κατάρτισης, Πολιτισμού και Πολυγλωσσίας κ. Ján Figel, του κ. Martin Toman, εκπροσώπου της World Youth Alliance και του κ. Bruno Lachesnaie, Υποδιευθυντή του τμήματος Κοινωνικής Ανάπτυξης και Βοήθειας του Γαλλικού Αγροτικού Ταμείου (CCMSA).Η συνεδρίαση είχε ως θέμα το Ευρωπαϊκό Σύμφωνο για τη Νεολαία που υιοθετήθηκε από το Εαρινό Ευρωπαϊκό Συμβούλιο,το Μάρτιο του 2005.Ο Επίτροπος κ. Figel, παρουσιάζοντας το πρόγραμμα της Επιτροπής για τη νεολαία, τόνισε ότι το μέλλον της Ευρώπης εξαρτάται από την ικανότητά της να προωθήσει πολιτικές με ευαισθησία για τις ανάγκες των παιδιών και των νέων. Με την υιοθέτηση του Ευρωπαϊκού Συμφώνου για την Νεολαία στα πλαίσια της αναθεωρημένης στρατηγικής για τη Λισσαβόνα, το Ευρωπαϊκό Συμβούλιο αναγνώρισε ότι η ενσωμάτωση των νέων στην κοινωνία, η συμμετοχή τους στην επαγγελματική ζωή και η καλύτερη αξιοποίηση των δυνατοτήτων τους είναι τα βασικά στοιχεία για επαναφορά μιας διαρκούς και σταθερής ανάπτυξης στην Ευρώπη. Συνεπώς, το Ευρωπαϊκό Σύμφωνο για την Νεολαία στοχεύει στη λήψη δράσεων σε διάφορους τομείς όπως: την κατάρτιση, εκπαίδευση και κινητικότητα, την κοινωνική ένταξη και προώθηση των νέων, την απασχόληση και το συνδυασμό επαγγελματικής και οικογενειακής ζωής.
Ο Επίτροπος υπογράμμισε ότι η επιτυχία αυτής της πρωτοβουλίας εξαρτάται από την κινητοποίηση κυρίως των νεανικών οργανώσεων, των περιφερειακών και τοπικών αρχών και των κοινωνικών εταίρων. Με ιδιαίτερο ενθουσιασμό ο Επίτροπος προανήγγειλε τη "Μεγάλη Γενική Συνέλευση των Νέων" που πρόκειται να γίνει στις Βρυξέλλες αλλά και σε όλες τις περιφέρειες της Ευρώπης με τη χρησιμοποίηση των νέων τεχνολογιών.
Ο κ. Toman παρουσίασε τις δραστηριότητες της World Youth Alliance, παγκόσμιας οργάνωσης για την νεολαία. O ομιλητής αναφέρθηκε με ιδιαίτερη έμφαση στην καταπολέμηση της φτώχειας, και του κοινωνικού αποκλεισμού που πλήττει τα τελευταία χρόνια τους νέους, κυρίως λόγω του υψηλού ποσοστού ανεργίας. Τέλος,ο κ.Lachesnaie, αναφέρθηκε στα προβλήματα των νέων των αγροτικών περιοχών: έλλειψη οικονομικών διευκολύνσεων, δυσκολία απόκτησης υψηλών προσόντων και μικρότερες προοπτικές για εξεύρεση εργασίας και πρόσβαση στην επαγγελματική κατάρτιση και προώθηση. Ο κ. Lachesnaie, ζήτησε από την Ευρωπαϊκή Επιτροπή και από τα Κράτη Μέλη να θέσουν συγκεκριμένες προτεραιότητες για τους νέους στις αγροτικές περιοχές.
Κλείνοντας την συνεδρίαση η ευρωβουλευτής της Ν.Δ. και Πρόεδρος της Διακομματικής Ομάδας, κ. Παναγιωτοπούλου - Κασσιώτου, συνεχάρη τον Επίτροπο και τους υπόλοιπους καλεσμένους για τις παρεμβάσεις τους και υπενθύμισε ότι σήμερα, με δεδομένη τη δημογραφικη γήρανση,είναι περισσότερο από ποτέ επιτακτική η ανάγκη ενεργούς συμμετοχής των νέων στα οικονομικά δρώμενα προκειμένου, με τη φρεσκάδα των ιδεών και την ειλικρίνειά τους, να βοηθήσουν για να δημιουργηθεί μία ζωντανή, κοινωνική και ανοιχτή Ευρώπη.
2 σχόλια:
INTERGROUP ON FAMILY AND PROTECTION OF CHILDHOOD
President: Marie PANAYOTOPOULOS-CASSIOTOU (GR,PPE)
Vice-Presidents: José RIBEIRO E CASTRO (P, PPE), Nathalie GRIESBECK (F, ALDE), Kathy SINNOTT (IE, IND), Sylwester CHRUSZCZ (PL, IND), Konrad SZYMANSKI (PL, UEN)
MINUTES OF THE MEETING
OF
THE INTERGROUP ON
"FAMILY AND PROTECTION OF CHILDHOOD"
Tuesday 5 July 2005
17.00-18.00
Room SDM S3
Meeting on "The European Youth Pact"
1. List of participants 2
2. Welcome by Mrs Marie Panayotopoulos-Cassiotou, President of the Intergroup on family and protection of childhood 2
3. Intervention by Mr Ján Figel, Commissioner for Education and Culture 3
4. Debate 4
5. Intervention by Mr. Martin Toman, World Youth Alliance (Europe)
6. Intervention by Mr. Bruno Lachesnaie, Vice-Director of the Department on social development and public services of the French Agricultural Scheme (CCMSA) and founding member of the European Network of Agricultural social protection schemes. 6
1. List of participants
a) Members of Parliament:
Edit BAUER (PPE-DE), Panayiotis DEMETRIOU (PPE-DE), Marie-Helene DESCAMPS (PPE-DE), Maciej GIERTYCH (IND-DEM), Nathalie GRIESBECK (ALDE), Manolis MAVROMMATIS (PPE-DE), Gay MITCHELL (PPE-DE), Ljudmila NOVAK (PPE-DE), Zuzana ROITHOVA (PPE-DE), Kathy SINNOTT (IND-DEM)
b) Assistants:
Ana ADAMIKCE (Urszula KRUPA IND/DEM), Lauren KNOTT (Philip BUSHILL-MATTHEWS PPE-DE), Hannah LANE (Kathy SINNOTT IND-DEM), ORSAGOVA (Edit BAUER PPE-DE), Tobias TEUSCHER (Anna ZABORSKA, PPE-DE), VAUCHELLE (Nicole FONTAINE PPE-DE), WALDBUP (Bernd POSSELT PPE-DE), Klemen ZUMER (Alojz PETERLE, PPE-DE)
c) Others:
Stephan BAIER (Journalist), BONAVIA (Presse PPE-DE), Lourdes CLARIOUD (New Women for Europe), Henri MALOSSE (President SOC CESE), MARZOCESI (ALDE), Jenny SCHULER (FAFCE), Roinchal WLOUCH (PANENSOPA),
2. Welcome by Mrs Marie Panayotopoulos-Cassiotou, President of the Intergroup on family and protection of childhood
• Mrs Panayotopoulos-Cassiotou opened the floor by stating that culture and multilingualism are the elements that initiate progress in the European Union.
• She stated that the European Youth Pact was an important initiative as the future of Europe increasingly depends on its capacity to promote societies on an intergenerational scale for both the old and the young; for parents, children and grand-parents.
• Mrs Panayotopoulos-Cassiotou added that in adopting the European Youth Pact in the framework of the revised Lisbon strategy for growth and employment, the European Council recognized that integrating young people in society and working life and making better use of their potential are essential for ensuring a return to a sustained and sustainable growth in Europe.
• However young people will not be able to contribute to the realisation of the Lisbon objectives unless they benefit from both a quality education and training that can teach them the appropriate knowledge and competence. Mrs Panayotopoulos-Cassiotou stressed that these conditions will not be united if poverty and social exclusion continue to exist.
• She noted that young people under 25 years of age have an unemployment rate two times that of the general European rate and are much more exposed to poverty than adults. She expressed her hope that the initiative of the European Youth Pact will allow the realization of new and better perspectives for young Europeans who represent the work force of tomorrow.
3. Intervention by Mr Ján Figel, Commissioner for Education and Culture
• Mr Figel began by stating his belief that a child and youth friendly Europe is a Europe that cares about its own future, but also a Europe which is more ready to respond to questions of an economic, social, political, and international nature because youth is an important part of our responsibility in all of these dimensions. The more we act in favour of youth, the better the results for tomorrow.
• Mr Figel pointed out that for the first time in history, the European Summit had youth on the agenda: Indeed, last March, Heads of State and government adopted a European Youth Pact. The Commission demonstrated very quickly the importance it gives to young people by adopting in May, a Communication on " the European youth policies"
• Mr Figel hopes this communication will be broadly debated in order for member States to take decisions within the year and onwards.
• According to the Commissioner, the European youth policy must be prepared with young people. He indicated that he had consulted youth organizations including the European Youth Forum. A certain number of issues were examined by the Luxembourg Presidency. Last year there was a meeting in Rotterdam and this year in Cardiff.
• These meetings were organised with the member States at the level of the Directors responsible for youth in the different Governments. Next year, in the month of March, under Austrian Presidency, there will be a ministerial meeting with youth representatives.
• The purpose is to strengthen the links between the political world and young people. The Commissioner presented briefly the Communication last May before youth organizations. There was also a TV transmission in many European capitals.
• Mr Figel reminded that in December 2005, will be organised in Brussels the "General Youth Assembly" (Etats généraux de la Jeunesse): the purpose is to have a one week encounter between the European institutions and young people to discuss a youth-friendly future and answer all relevant questions.
• Mr Figel informed the assembly that he believed European integration was a success and that young people, as heirs of this reality, should be aware of it and should take it into hands with full knowledge and readiness to continue.
• Commissioner Figel reminded that some countries have the highest unemployment rate since the Second World War, a situation which has lead to social problems, including for young people. Indeed the percentage of unemployment for young people under 25 years of age is twice the one of adults (9 % rate of unemployment in the 25 countries but for those less than 25 years of age the unemployment rate is of 18%). Mr Figel pointed out that young people's unemployment is very problematic because they are both more flexible but also more vulnerable.
• The Commissioner stressed that as the population ages, the demographic picture becomes increasingly worrying and though he hopes these figures will improve in the coming decades, the tendencies are negative.
• Mr Figel stated that Europe will have more and more pensioners depending on less and less young people in the work force. By 2050, the 65 and over age group will reach over 35% if today's trends are kept further.
• Mr Figel explained that the main message of the Communication on the European Youth Pact is that Europe needs to initiate more youth-friendly policies in education, skills, training, mobility, research, culture, and citizenship.
• Mr Figel congratulated the Parliament for the resolution on the Financial Perspectives because the support from the Parliament on education, citizenship, culture, or youth programmes has always been very visible and it's important that these areas are not neglected.
• Mr Figel explained that the Commission presented many concrete proposals connected to the European Youth in the Lisbon review. Mr Figel insisted that youth should be part of the Lisbon debates.
• The Commissioner hopes that until the fall, national Governments will have introduced a youth dimension in their own strategy.
• Mr Figel expressed his wish to see more mobility and more recognition of qualifications.
• He announced the adoption of the EuroPass and his desire to combine this EuroPass with a YouthPass framework in order to create space for more recognition of youth work. Mr Figel expressed his ambition for more volunteering with a broader European dimension but also for the recognition of informal training and education.
• Mr Figel announced that he and Commissioner Potocnik, have prepared a Communication on universities and plan to deliver a communication on university research and with Günter Verheugen, one on entrepreneurship and young people.
• Mr Figel concluded that there is a need to deal with youth not in a campaigning type of communication but in a permanent very credible engagement of all actors together with young people.
4. Debate
• A member of the Parliament mentioned the discussions with the United States in the framework of the Trans-Atlantic dialogue: all interesting subjects were discussed but with a focus on security, human rights, economics, the market etc. However almost nothing was said about youth. A speech was held describing the youth programmes to be implemented. What kind of youth programmes can the EU put in place with the US? Though it is important to improve the Trans-Atlantic dialogue, if one doesn't make Europe appealing to young Americans, while young Europeans love the United States, there is perhaps something that should and could be done! And this should be done soon because the future of the Trans-Atlantic relation will depend on them.
• Mr Mavrommatis took the floor to express his concerns about the fact that young people are having trouble because of the lack of education, especially within the family. When the young person lives in a deprived family his future is less certain. What do the European Union and the Commission do when there is a lack of funds for exchange programmes? There are a lot of young students who wish to study in Greece, Germany, or Italy but cannot because their schools do not have the money to organise exchanges. The European Union should amplify these programmes.
• One person in the assembly mentioned that what was really needed were family-friendly policies because there is an economic necessity to have two incomes in the family. The whole system is not recognising the work of the parent who decides to stay at home, not as an unemployed person, but as a hard-working person, who is generally referred to as a non-working person. Proposal: a policy that will see the whole family and will make it possible for the family to be supported by a single income, with tax reductions, family support systems, to ease the strain on the unemployment problem and simultaneously making the life of the family much healthier.
• Another person congratulated the Commissioner for the work that has already been achieved. She stated that concrete projects and precise measures as decentralized work were fundamental. Because the Parliament tries so hard to avoid credit use abuse, there is too much bureaucracy. Proposal: the Parliament and Commission should unite to find a compromise so that without bureaucracy but with efficiency it would be possible to promote small initiatives for the young.
Young people without families almost do not exist and culture without family does not exist either. The European Union has very little competence in family policies. Proposal: a work on young people, families, and culture to promote the role of the family in this context.
• One other person asked what could be done to prevent violence in schools, since an increasing amount of both students and teachers are being threatened? Education through employment should not be underestimated as it can be beneficiary to a student's performance in school. In a comparison of students who helped around the home and those that did not, those that did performed better in school.
Intergenerational cohabitation should be discussed. It is important that the young and the elderly learn to live together.
• Finally the problem of suicide was brought forward: last year more people in the Union died from suicide than from traffic accidents. In Europe suicide is among older people; however in Ireland it occurs mostly among young people, specifically young men. This might be due to alcohol abuse, urbanism, the decline in church attendance, or the fact that these men feel they have lost their role as the sole income earner. Proposal: though the Commission cannot solve this problem, it could act as a clearinghouse for best practice within the Union so that member States could draw on each others' best practice to see what works in some countries so that the States could learn from each other and try to turn this phenomena around.
Commissioner Figel:
• Trans-Atlantic dialogue is important: Εurope and the US have a lot in common from the past. It is normal for young people to want a good cooperation between the two sides of the Atlantic.
• The Commissioner indicated that he was currently working with Canada and the US for the renewal of bilateral agreements. The US has limited resources as the Congress just cancelled some funds that were normally used for international cooperation, including EU-US educational cooperation. However the Americans seem to be ready for the next period of 5 years and the Commission wants to include youth in the field of efforts for cooperation.
• When it comes to cooperation within the EU: the highest increase in common investment is in areas of educational research, transport, and energy, which are decisive areas for the competitiveness of Europe. Corporations are usually defended by programmes like Erasmus, in which 150 000 students participate and of those, one third go into international business.
• According to Mr Figel, programmes such as this one are a real investment, which he would like to see more of as it is beneficiary for not only the students but corporations, universities and the country of study.
• Addressing family-friendly policies, Mr Figel stressed that as the basic unit of society, it deserves support since what is good for family is also good for the economy and society.
• The Commissioner underlined the importance he gives to cooperation with Commissioner Spidla and the Economic and Social Committee.
• The Commissioner concluded by stating that community and community based policies are the best way to integration, but if this is missing then troubles result such as suicide as well as crime, drugs, racism, hooliganism, xenophobia because there is a sense of humanity and responsibility missing.
• There are many rights and obligations but the first right is a relationship with others: a shared responsibility in favour of the Community we share.
5. Intervention by Mr. Martin Toman, World Youth Alliance (Europe)
• M. Toman presented the activities of the World Youth Alliance: a global youth run nongovernmental organisation which promotes both human dignity and solidarity between developed and developing nations in international policies.
• World Youth Alliance was founded in 1999 at the UN Cairo Summit on Population and Development as a response to the international community's call for increased youth involvement as the voice of many young people was not being heard enough. The regional office in Brussels opened in 2000, and other regional offices are found in Mexico City, Manila, New York, and Nairobi.
• World Youth Alliance represents one million members and of those, half are European. World Youth Alliance does advocacy work and organises high level conferences with the help of many umbrella youth organisations.
• The European Youth Pact and the World Youth Alliance share the same objectives: employment, integration, social advancement of young people, education and training, mobility, and reconciliation of working life and family life. Various events are organised to give young people the opportunity to express themselves and meet political leaders, thereby helping young people achieve their goals. World Youth Alliance is a broad movement of young people with diverse opinions and fates who share the goal of promoting human dignity in international policies.
6. Intervention by Mr. Bruno Lachesnaie, Vice-Director of the Department on social development and public services of the French Agricultural Scheme (CCMSA) and founding member of the European Network of Agricultural social protection schemes.
• Mr Lachesnaie addressed the issue of young people who live in agricultural and rural areas. The action of these young people is crucial for the future of these territories. Therefore, it is important for the European Union, in its future dispositions to ensure a consideration of policies supporting these young people in rural areas. This young people have difficulties such as less income, less training, difficulties to access training and services. It is important to solve these difficulties by promoting the potential of these youths. By supporting these territories, and young people's projects we can help those that cannot access such programmes as Erasmus and give them the chance they deserve.
7. Date and topic of next meeting
The next meeting of the Intergroup will take place on Wednesday the 26th of October.
La Mutualité Sociale Agricole (MSA), régime de protection sociale des populations agricoles françaises, a décidé de suivre avec intérêt le débat actuel relatif à la proposition de Pacte européen pour la jeunesse. Elle remercie avant tout la Présidente de cet intergroupe, Mme Panayotopoulos-Cassiotou, pour cette occasion unique d’échanges. Elle remercie également les gouvernements français, allemands, espagnols et suédois, pour avoir porté le projet de Pacte, et la Commission européenne, pour avoir pris le relais avec sa récente communication.
La MSA est le premier régime spécial de France, couvrant plus de quatre millions de personnes. Elle mène une politique d’action sanitaire et sociale diversifiée qui s’adresse notamment aux jeunes. Elle est par ailleurs par ailleurs membre fondateur du réseau européen des systèmes agricoles de protection sociale (ENASP, European Network of Agricultural Social Protection systems).
C’est à ce titre qu’elle partage le diagnostic fait, à savoir que la responsabilité des décideurs d’aujourd’hui est de consacrer toute l’attention nécessaire à la situation des plus jeunes dans nos sociétés. La MSA considère avec d'autres, que les jeunes sont trop souvent perçus par le prisme des problèmes, difficultés qu'ils rencontrent, alors que l'ensemble du corps social devrait dire aux jeunes qu'ils sont l'avenir. L’idée de faire des politiques en direction de la jeunesse une priorité de l’Union, dans le cadre du processus de réexamen de la stratégie de Lisbonne, ne peut par conséquent que favoriser des réponses pleinement adaptées aux besoins et interrogations de cette partie de la population européenne.
Or, le débat se pose de façon spécifique lorsque l’on appréhende le problème du point de vue des jeunes habitant en zone rurale. Même si ces derniers présentent de par bien des aspects le même profil que le reste des personnes du même âge, leur situation particulière nécessite néanmoins des mesures adaptées à leurs besoins réels.C’est dans ce cadre que la MSA souhaite apporter au débat en cours plusieurs éléments de réflexion inspirés de l’action qu’elle-même mène en direction des jeunes ruraux, éléments que l’on retrouve dans de nombreux autres pays européens. Cette volonté d’engagement s’était déjà matérialisée en janvier 2005 via une prise de position sur le projet de Pacte.
En introduction, la MSA rappelle que la jeunesse est un état transitoire. Plutôt que de chercher à borner cet âge de la vie par de strictes limites inférieures ou supérieures, il semblerait préférable de convenir que la jeunesse désigne un état transitoire correspondant à l’entrée dans la vie adulte : la sortie du système scolaire, l’entrée dans la vie professionnelle, le départ de chez les parents, la formation d’un couple et la naissance d’un premier enfant.
Une telle définition de la jeunesse conduirait à ne pas prendre en compte ici les adolescents. Dès lors, le pacte européen pour la jeunesse reviendrait à accompagner les différents passages évoqués vers le statut d’adulte.
La MSA rappelle également l’importance de multiplier les angles d’analyse : on pourra parler autant « des jeunesses » que de « la jeunesse ». En effet, les jeunes ne constituent pas, loin s’en faut, une catégorie sociale homogène. La « jeunesse » englobe des populations aux appartenances sociales et culturelles diverses et aux trajectoires sociales différentes.
Les jeunes ruraux constituent une population moins aisée financièrement, moins bien formée, plus agricole, mais surtout plus ouvrière que les jeunes urbains. De plus, à côté du poids de l’appartenance sociale dans les parcours des jeunes, une dimension territoriale est à prendre en compte, les caractéristiques d’un territoire tendant à amplifier ou à réduire le déterminisme social.
En ce qui concerne plus précisément l’accès à l’emploi des jeunes ruraux, le taux de chômage qu’ils présentent est inférieur à celui des jeunes urbains. En fait, il s’avère qu’il y a là un effet de leur exode plus qu’un réel reflet de leur situation vis-à-vis de l’emploi. Mais, actuellement, les perspectives moindres de trouver un emploi, même en milieu urbain, font que certains jeunes ruraux préfèrent bénéficier de la solidarité familiale qui leur garantit de meilleures conditions de vie et leur permet de bénéficier d’un réseau de relations. Par ailleurs, l’insertion professionnelle des jeunes en milieu rural renvoie également, en amont, à une plus grande difficulté d'accès à la formation professionnelle et même à l’accès à l’information et à l’orientation professionnelles.
Il sera par conséquent important que la Commission et les Etats membres énoncent clairement un certain nombre d’orientations prioritaires adaptables aux spécificités de la jeunesse rurale. Ces orientations pourraient tourner autour des thématiques suivantes :
Promouvoir les potentialités des jeunes, pour les inciter à se mobiliser et à participer à la vie locale ;
Favoriser l'accès des jeunes à la culture et aux loisirs, pour dépasser les entraves financières et géographiques qui en freinent l'accès ;
Accompagner le passage à l'autonomie des jeunes, en les aidant à résoudre leurs difficultés relationnelles ;
Faciliter leur insertion professionnelle et faciliter leur accès à la formation ;
Les aider à trouver un équilibre psychologique afin de prévenir les comportements à risques ;
Favoriser le dialogue intergénérationnel et par conséquent le décloisonnement des populations ainsi que l'inscription sociale des jeunes dans leur milieu de vie.
Pour ce faire, il pourrait être intéressant de retenir un certain nombre de principes d'action :
Associer les jeunes à toute action s'adressant à eux, afin de les rendre acteurs de leur territoire et responsables de leur avenir ;
Inscrire la politique de la jeunesse dans une dynamique de territoire, permettant aux jeunes ruraux de vivre dans leur milieu rural et de s'y maintenir ;
Inciter les différents acteurs concernés à travailler en partenariat pour mettre en œuvre une stratégie politique et amplifier les moyens techniques et financiers ;
Faciliter l'accès à l'information
La MSA voit enfin avec intérêt émerger des propositions consacrées à la participation et la citoyenneté. Pour ce qui est des jeunes ruraux, plusieurs études font le même constat : ils expriment un réel intérêt pour la vie municipale locale et sont prêts à s’engager dans la vie associative. Toutefois, cette insertion dans la vie locale repose essentiellement sur les réseaux familiaux et amicaux, et ne débouche que rarement sur une prise de conscience des enjeux du développement local, de l’aménagement du territoire et d’une perspective européenne. Le jeu collectif local est, à ce niveau, organisé sans eux. Dès lors, les jeunes ruraux devront être une cible prioritaire de toute campagne d’« européanisation » des jeunes consciences.
A ce titre, il est crucial que l'Union favorise l'accès à la dimension européenne pour les jeunes ruraux et notamment ceux qui sont les moins favorisés sur le plan social et économique. Il faut aider les jeunes ruraux à marier le local et l'universel, leur attachement à leur territoire et leur ouverture aux régions européennes.
En conclusion, la MSA est heureuse de voir émerger un tel débat. Mais il ne faudra pas oublier les jeunes ruraux. Leurs besoins ne sont pas forcément différents de ceux des autres jeunes, mais leur situation renvoie aux dynamiques locales propres aux zones rurales elles-mêmes.
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